13 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium ... signs, Fragile bones ... easily/weakness, Bone ... #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Initial treatment of renal bone disease and cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism
Phosphate binders reduce hyperphosphataemia and hyperparathyroidism.
treatment of renal bone ... for secondary hyperparathyroidism ... Calcium-containing ... which reduces bone ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
PTH) Effect in Calcium ... absorption ↑ bone ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone ... #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
normal): • Primary Hyperparathyroidism ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... Mets - Calcium ... Algorithm #causes #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Autosomal Dominant Calcium ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... Other • Excess Calcium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
due to increased bone ... resorption: • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... histoplasmosis) • Milk (calcium ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
structure-related • Primary hyperparathyroidism ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... D) Increased bone ... disease • Tertiary hyperparathyroidism ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
Calcium homeostasis ... increase serum calcium ... and stimulating bone ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Menstrual Cycle Physiology: Ovarian Cycle – Ovulation Explained

Around Day 14, estrogen exerts sudden +++ positive feedback
oocyte towards one ... for clarity) #MenstrualCycle ... #OvarianCycle #pathophysiology ... #Ovulation #endocrinology
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
production - Hyperparathyroidism ... > Clearance of calcium ... mineralization of calcium ... phosphorous in bones ... Signs #Symptoms #Pathophysiology