21 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... due to increased bone ... #Causes #differential ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... absorption ↑ bone ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone ... Calcium #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
Most cases diagnosed ... • softening of bones ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... Hyperlipidemia - Hypercalcemia ... Phosphatase: • Other causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... D) Increased bone ... Paget's disease of bone ... Multiple myeloma (bone ... #Causes #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Hormones and Pathophysiology ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia ... #Hormones #Pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
Hypercalcemia Evaluation ... 1) Clinical clues ... Vit D • If all ... BrighamChiefs #Hypercalcemia ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Lymphoblastic Leukemia (ALL ... Sarcoidosis • Hypercalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
Great Mimickers - SHALLOTS Mnemonic

S- Syphilis - Neurosyphilis, aortitis, gummas... Granulomas can form anywhere! Skin, mucosa,
mucosa, joints, bones ... What doesn't HIV cause ... headaches, seizures, hypercalcemia ... consumption- number one cause ... fatigue, and oh yeah all
21-Hydroxylase Deficiency (21-OHD): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
Autosomal recessive mutation in CYP21A2 coding for the enzyme 21-OHase
enzyme 21-OHase causes ... wasting crisis & hyperkalemia ... Complications: • Hyperkalemia ... #21HydroxylaseDeficiency #21OHD #pathophysiology ... #genetics #endocrinology