19 results
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
signs, Fragile bones ... /osteoporosis, Kidney ... easily/weakness, Bone ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Horseshoe Kidney on Transverse Abdominal POCUS

Dr. Robert Jones @RJonesSonoEM

#Horseshoe #Kidney #Transverse #Abdominal #POCUS #Renal #Ultrasound #Clinical
Horseshoe Kidney ... Robert Jones @RJonesSonoEM ... #Horseshoe #Kidney ... Abdominal #POCUS #Renal ... #Ultrasound #Clinical
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
of Malignancy - Pathophysiology ... D - Increased renal ... resorption in the bone ... reabsorption in kidney ... Cell of lung, Renal
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
- Hormones and Pathophysiology ... absorption • Kidneys ... - release) • Kidneys ... Hypercalcemia #Hormones #Pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
D) Increased bone ... breast, lung, renal ... lung cancer • Renal ... Pheochromocytoma Chronic kidney ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Renal Failure, Post-Renal ... Breast, Kidney, ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Low Alkaline Phosphatase - Hypophosphatasia 

Is Low Alkaline Phosphatase Of Clinical Importance?

ALP enzyme- Discovered in 1923
Low
tubule of the kidney ... • softening of bones ... collection with EDTA Pathophysiology ... neuropathy • Renal ... : - Renal failure
Normal prominent medullary pyramids on renal POCUS
No hydronephrosis. Has prominent medullary pyramids. They can appear markedly
medullary pyramids on renal ... they taper toward renal ... Robert Jones @RJonesSonoEM ... #kidney #POCUS ... #clinical #ultrasound
Calcium homeostasis is a process controlled by chiefly by hormones vitamin D and PTH. 
Vitamin D
the liver and kidneys ... and stimulating bone ... #Pathophysiology ... #Endocrinology
Autosomal dominant PCKD with liver involvement on Renal Ultrasound
Multiple anechoic cysts seen in the kidney and
Ultrasound Multiple ... cysts seen in the kidney ... Robert Jones @RJonesSonoEM ... #kidney #cystic ... #disease #Ultrasound