18 results
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Solid Tumors: Lung ... renal, Bladder, Breast ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... #causes #endocrinology
Primary Bone Tumors - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm 

Metastatic - Most common tumour in adults
 - Breast
Primary Bone Tumors ... in adults - Breast ... • Aneurysmal Bone ... Histiocytoma #Primary #Bone ... #Bony #Tumors #
Malignant Bone Tumors: Pathogenesis of X-ray appearance

 • Metastatic bone tumors (aka. cancerous cells from systemic
Malignant Bone Tumors ... • Metastatic bone ... metastasis: • Breast ... • Lung. thvroid ... BoneTumors #Malignant #Radiology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Breast, Kidney, ... Lung) • Cytokine-Mediated ... Bone Resorption ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... #Endocrinology
Osteoarthritis (OA): X-ray features 
 - Joint space narrowing (least specific)
 - Subchondral Cysts (pockets of
Osteophytes (Abnormal bone ... (Thickening of bone ... directly under the areas ... of bone-bone contact ... Osteoarthritis #OA #Xray #radiology
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
production: Small cell lung ... resorption in the bone ... resorption in the bone ... , Renal Cell, Breast ... Differential #Diagnosis #algorithm
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
D) Increased bone ... Paget's disease of bone ... Multiple myeloma (bone ... metastases: thyroid, breast ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology
BLT with a Kosher Pickle - Mnemonic for Cancers that Metastasize to Bone 

B - Breast
L
Metastasize to Bone ... B - Breast ... L - Lung T - Thyroid ... #Metastasize #Bone
Bone resorption and the relationship between osteoblasts and osteoclasts.  
RANK is expressed on the osteoclasts,
Bone resorption ... the surface of bone ... from the adjacent bone ... These enzymes break-down ... the collagen bone
Hand X-Ray Anatomy and Interpretation Checklist
1. Soft tissues - Look carefully at the soft tissue over
swelling or foreign body ... the underlying bone ... Other areas - Last ... but not the least ... Interpretation #Checklist #radiology