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diagnosis differential management causes hypokalemia hyponatremia hyperkalemia rhabdomyolysis cardiology clinical comparison criticalcare cryptococcosis cryptococcus effects foamed gitelman heartfailure hivaids hypotonic
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift: • Alkalosis • ↑ beta-2 adrenergic simulation • Erythropoiesis
anemia) • G-CSF ... Losses Non-renal ... vomiting) • Low ... #nephrology #low ... #potassium
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
normal volume-based algorithm ... Urine Na+K / serum ... can be high or low ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
GI losses • Renal ... • Reduced GFR, AKI ... /CRF Hormonal changes ... Hypo-osmolar urine ... #Hyponatremia #Nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
GI losses • Renal ... • Reduced GFR, AKI ... /CRF Hormonal changes ... Hypo-osmolar urine ... #Hyponatremia #Nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia - Reduced Excretion - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Reduced flow through distal nephron - TTKG
nephron - TTKG > 7, Urine ... EABV (e.g., CHF ... Creatinine • Chronic renal ... failure • AKI ... IntercellularShift #Nephrology
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm Before evaluating hypokalemia, life threatening complications such as arrhythmias and paralysis should be looked
Hypokalemia Evaluation Algorithm ... A urine K/Cr ratio ... suggests extra-renal ... • Diarrhea A urine ... #nephrology #low
Hypokalemia Diagnostic Algorithm To assess potassium excretion: perform 24-hour urine collection or alternatively obtain potassium-to-creatinine ratio on
perform 24-hour urine ... ratio on a spot urine ... values suggest renal ... #TTKG #nephrology ... #low #potassium
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary Causes of Rhabdomyolysis: • Trauma: - Immobilization - Crush injury - Compartment
Weakness - Dark urine ... + myoglobin AKI ... hour with goal urine ... Monitor potassium ... #nephrology
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis and Management Summary Trauma: • Immobilization, Crush iniury, Compartment syndrome, Electrical injury Exertional: •
Dermatomyositis) AKI ... oxidative iniury Treatment ... hour with goal urine ... Monitor potassium ... per day until stable
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Na delivery): CHF ... lysis) ± Urine ... Elimination (see Table ... acidosis) • Low ... #potassium #nephrology
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