37 results
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
thrombosis • Renal ... TURP/Biopsy Renal ... induced bleeding • Anticoagulation ... #urology #nephrology ... #renal #urine #
Breast Discharge - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High Prolactin + Normal TSH
 • Microprolactinoma
 • Steroid Hormone Intake
High Prolactin + Normal ... Intake • Chronic Renal ... Production • Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology ... #Causes
Causes of Bleeding / Bruising - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Thrombocytopenia - Quantitative Defect
 • Decreased Production
 •
Causes of Bleeding ... Destruction • Abnormal ... ASA) • Renal Disease ... - Acquired • Anticoagulation ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings
 • Epithelial cells - Normal
 • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Renal tubular ... - Renal infection ... - Any type of renal ... individuals; “abnormal ... key #diagnosis #nephrology
NSAID vs ACEI/ARB effects on the Kidneys

Remember that NSAIDs and ACEI/ARB therapy have opposing effects on
NSAIDs cause vasoconstriction ... patients with normal ... use shouldn't cause ... ACEIARB #Effects #Nephrology ... #Renal #Pathophysiology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Elevated PTH (High or normal ... Tumors: Lung, SCC, renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Acute Kidney Injury - AKI Workup Algorithm and Differential Diagnosis
Baseline Investigations: full blood count with differential,
urinary sediment, renal ... osmolarity If cause ... investigations abnormal ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology ... #causes
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extra-renal Losses:
 • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake
 • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... Losses: • Normal ... loss (Diarrhea) Renal ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... potassium #low #nephrology
Approach to Hypomagnesemia 

Fractional excretion of magnesium = (urine magnesium x serum creatinine)/ [0.7 (serum magnesium
cells FEMg >4% = renal ... magnesium loss if renal ... function is normal ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #nephrology #magnesium
Hypokalemia Differential Algorithm
Acidosis
 - RTA
 - Diarrhea
pH Normal 
 1. Decreased Mg 
 2. Intracellular Shift
- Diarrhea pH Normal ... Renal artery stenosis ... Algorithm #Diagnosis #Causes ... #Workup #Nephrology