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nephrology differential treatment hematuria syndrome hyponatremia renal urology blood encephalopathy infant microscopy nephrotic pediatric pediatrics proteinuria urinarytractinfection uti achalasia acidosis
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis Algorithm • Confirm hematuria → Urinalysis >3 RBCs/HPF, exclude mimics, repeat testing
Hematuria Workup and Diagnosis ... Algorithm • Confirm ... of glomerular bleeding ... proteinuria, RBC casts ... #Algorithm #Workup
Atlas of Urine Microscopy Findings • Epithelial cells - Normal • Renal tubular cells - Acute
Non-glomerular bleeding ... • White cell casts ... infection • Hyaline casts ... disease • Granular casts ... #nephrology #casts
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
hematuria + clots ➔ Lower ... of Glomerular Bleeding ... hematuria: - RBC casts ... Bladder (Upper and Lower ... #causes #urology
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... - Differential Diagnosis ... Algorithm Persistent ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... hypovolemia • Bleeding ... Hypo-osmolar urine ... #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Pain/Post-op • Neurologic ... hypovolemia • Bleeding ... Hypo-osmolar urine ... #Algorithm #Causes
Urine Color - Differential Diagnosis Red Urine: • Medical conditions: bleeding, porphyria, factitious disorder • Meds: rifampin,
Diagnosis Red Urine ... Medical conditions: bleeding ... : • Any cause of ... dyes typically cause ... discoloration #nephrology
Nephritic vs Nephrotic Syndrome Step 1: If the patient has hematuria and/or proteinuria, think about nephrotic/nephritic syndromes. Step
hematuria (RBC casts ... dysmorphic RBCs in urine ... Syndrome #Comparison #Algorithm ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis
Distal Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) Type 1 Totally scuppers the kidney's acidification mechanism. Will be
much easier to diagnosis ... with direct urine ... secretion Cannot lower ... #Management #Nephrology ... #Causes #Differential
Urine Microscopy Instructions 1) Spin fresh urine sample (10-15mL) in a centrifuge for 3-5 minutes - Don't
Urine Microscopy ... whole slide under lower ... power (casts may ... #Instructions #nephrology ... #diagnosis
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