2014 results
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... • Osmotic diuresis ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... thiazide-like diuretics ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... #differential #diagnosis
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
EKG Findings Causes ... disease • Thiazide diuretics ... #Differential #Causes ... #Diagnosis #Cardiology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... disequilibrium syndrome • Diagnosis ... Symport (Loop Diuretics ... ; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... Kidney stones caused
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Transcellular Shift
 • Recovery From DKA
 • Refeeding Syndrome
 • Acute Respiratory
- Differential Diagnosis ... Syndrome • Osmotic Diuresis ... Acetazolamide and Thiazide Diuretics ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... endocrinology #causes
Diuretics - Pharmacology

Thiazides diuretics:
 • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule
 • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Diuretics - Pharmacology ... Thiazides diuretics ... Metolazone Loop diuretics ... Potassium sparing diuretics ... loop #thiazide #classes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis ... #Algorithm #Causes
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism

Decreased GI Uptake 
 - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Loop and thiazide diuretics ... Hypokalemia - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... Classification #Causes
Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
GI LOSS - FeMg < 2-2.5% or 24h Urine Mg
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... - Differential Diagnosis ... > 10g • Loop Diuretics ... Magnesium #Low #Causes ... #Differential #Diagnosis
Causes of Metabolic Alkalosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine chloride < 20 mmol/l - Chloride responsive (Chloride
Causes of Metabolic ... - Differential Diagnosis ... fibrosis • Remote diuretic ... Metabolic #Alkalosis #Causes ... #Differential #Diagnosis