538 results
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
changes and may cause ... Hypo-Mg2+ • Vitamin deficiency ... • Seizures • Hemolysis ... • Vitamin D deficiency ... hyperparathyroidism Treatment
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) - Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline residues
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency ... : • Vitamin C deficiency ... contribute to nonimmune hemolysis ... , or any other cause ... vasculitis Treatment
Causes of Extravascular and Intravascular Hemolysis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extravascular - Spleen and RES-mediated hemolysis
 -
Causes of Extravascular ... Intravascular Hemolysis ... Defects • G6PD deficiency ... • PK deficiency ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Diagnostic Framework for Hemolysis - Intravascular vs Extravascular Causes
Intravascular Hemolysis:
 • Mechanical Trauma (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia):
Framework for Hemolysis ... Extravascular Causes ... Intravascular Hemolysis ... G6PD deficiency) ... Extravascular #Causes
Hemolytic Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hereditary:
 • Peripheral blood smear + DAT + further History
 •
Hemolytic Anemia ... DAT (-) → G6PD Deficiency ... Immune mediated hemolysis ... Microangiopathic hemolytic ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Differential diagnosis of schistocytes / fragmentation hemolysis:
 • Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA)
    - TTP
fragmentation hemolysis ... toxin-mediated hemolytic-uremic ... • Severe B12 deficiency ... • Mechanical hemolysis ... macroangiopathic hemolytic
Hemolysis Classification - Intrinsic and Extrinsic Causes

Commentary: Another way to think of immune hemolysis would be
Hemolysis Classification ... and Extrinsic Causes ... think of immune hemolysis ... autoimmune (most of the causes ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes
Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 
1) DIAGNOSE AIHA
 • Anemia: macrocytic > normocytic, ↑ reticulocytes
 •
Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic ... reticulocytes • Hemolysis ... 2) LOOK FOR a cause ... Antibody #Autoimmune #Hemolytic ... diagnosis #management #treatment
Warm vs Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia:
 • Mechanism: IgG and Complement-mediated
 • Etiology:
Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic ... Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic ... Spherocytes • Treatment ... Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic ... • Treatment: Warm
Hemolysis - Diagnostic Algorithm and Causes

Increased red cell production: 
 • Increased Reticulocytosis/polychromasia 
 • Erythroid
Hemolysis - Diagnostic ... Algorithm and Causes ... haptogbbulin #Hemolysis ... #Hemolytic #Anemia ... #Differential #Causes