499 results
Refeeding Syndrome Overview

What Is It?
	• Electrolyte/fluid shifts caused by initiation of nutrition in severely malnourished patient.
may cause severe clinical ... Hypo-Mg2+ • Vitamin deficiency ... • Seizures • Hemolysis ... • Vitamin D deficiency ... hyperparathyroidism Treatment
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency) - Diagnosis and Management

Vitamin C is required for hydroxylation of proline residues
Scurvy (Vitamin C Deficiency ... poor nutrition Clinical ... : • Vitamin C deficiency ... contribute to nonimmune hemolysis ... vasculitis Treatment
Differential diagnosis of schistocytes / fragmentation hemolysis:
 • Thrombotic microangiopathies (TMA)
    - TTP
fragmentation hemolysis ... toxin-mediated hemolytic-uremic ... • Severe B12 deficiency ... • Mechanical hemolysis ... macroangiopathic hemolytic
Causes of Extravascular and Intravascular Hemolysis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Extravascular - Spleen and RES-mediated hemolysis
 -
Intravascular Hemolysis ... and RES-mediated hemolysis ... Defects • G6PD deficiency ... • PK deficiency ... Intravascular - Hemolysis
Diagnostic Framework for Hemolysis - Intravascular vs Extravascular Causes
Intravascular Hemolysis:
 • Mechanical Trauma (Microangiopathic hemolytic anemia):
Framework for Hemolysis ... Intravascular Hemolysis ... Microangiopathic hemolytic ... purpura (TTP), Hemolytic ... G6PD deficiency)
Warm vs Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia
Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia:
 • Mechanism: IgG and Complement-mediated
 • Etiology:
Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic ... Warm Autoimmune Hemolytic ... Spherocytes • Treatment ... Cold Autoimmune Hemolytic ... • Treatment: Warm
Hemolytic Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hereditary:
 • Peripheral blood smear + DAT + further History
 •
Hemolytic Anemia ... DAT (-) → G6PD Deficiency ... Immune mediated hemolysis ... Microangiopathic hemolytic ... UnremarkableLab #Hemolytic
Hemolytic Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Sickle cells - Consider sickle cell disease (diverse genotypes):
Hemolytic Anemia ... ' nucleotidase deficiency ... , Hexokinase deficiency ... elliptocytosis, autoimmune hemolysis ... ARUPConsult @ARUPLabs #Hemolytic
Warm Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic Anemia 
1) DIAGNOSE AIHA
 • Anemia: macrocytic > normocytic, ↑ reticulocytes
 •
Antibody Autoimmune Hemolytic ... reticulocytes • Hemolysis ... Antibody #Autoimmune #Hemolytic ... diagnosis #management #treatment
Algorithmic Approach to Anemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework by MCV

Microcytic (MCV < 80) "TAILS":
 • Thalassemia
inflammation) • Iron deficiency ... -100): • Non-hemolytic ... anemia, CKD • Hemolytic ... Megaloblastic: Folate deficiency ... , B12 deficiency