20 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... )-alkali syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #calcium #high ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
hyperparathyroidism Genetic ... Granulomatous disease ... - Williams syndrome ... #Differential #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Activation: Liver disease ... , Kidney Disease ... - Calcium Sequestration ... #Management #endocrinology
CPPD vs Gout

== CPPD == 

Think About CPPD When:
 • Self-limited synovitis after surgery/trauma (> 65
• Underlying disease ... states Pathophysiology ... precipitates with calcium ... culture used to diagnose ... • Metabolic syndrome
Causes of Hypercalcemia due to increased Vitamin D levels
 • The BIG 3:
granulomatous diseases ... Paraffin-associated granuloma • Genetic ... : Williams syndrome ... #differential #diagnosis ... #endocrinology
Pseudogout: pathogenesis and clinical findings
 - Idiopathic (vast majority of cases) -> Mechanism unknown
 - Familial
> Clearance of calcium ... mineralization of calcium ... #Disease #Signs ... #Symptoms #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
- Differential Diagnosis ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Hepatobiliary Disease ... Chronic Kidney Disease ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Pseudogout Summary - Calcium Pyrophosphate Deposition Disease (CPPD)

Pathophysiology:
Pyrophosphate produced by chondrocytes likely precipitates with calcium to
Pseudogout Summary - Calcium ... (CPPD) Pathophysiology ... culture used to diagnose ... Crowned Dens Syndrome ... #Rheumatology #diagnosis
Hashitoxicosis - Autoimmune thyroid disease overlap syndrome of Graves' and Hashimoto's disease

Autoimmune thyroid disease overlap syndrome
overlap syndrome ... overlap syndrome ... Hashitoxicosis #Endocrinology ... #Pathophysiology ... #Diagnosis #Graves
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential