15 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... Granulomatous diseases ... )-alkali syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Initial treatment of renal bone disease and cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism
Phosphate binders reduce hyperphosphataemia and hyperparathyroidism.
Initial treatment ... of renal bone disease ... Calcium-containing ... the first-line treatments ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... Activation: Liver disease ... , Kidney Disease ... - Calcium Sequestration ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High Phosphate
LOW PHOSPHATE
 - Low/NormaI PTH
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Phenytoin, Nephrotic Syndrome ... Hepatobiliary Disease ... Chronic Kidney Disease ... Algorithm #Phosphate #endocrinology
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High PTH
LOW PTH - Hypoparathyroid
 - Congenital (Pediatric)
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... • Infiltrative disease ... Malabsorption • Short gut ... Tumor lysis syndrome ... Algorithm #PTH #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hyperthyroidism • Paget's disease ... Chronic kidney disease ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #endocrinology
Causes of Hypocalcemia by Clinical Cause

Acute illness: pancreatitis, tumor lysis, severe illness - Secondary hyperparathyroidism from
low circulating calcium ... levels Autoimmune disease ... Malabsorption syndrome ... removal Renal disease ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
Complications - Hypercalcemia ... (due to diseases ... Accumulation of calcium ... Hyperuricemia #Pathophysiology ... Complications #Gout
Rhabdomyolysis - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Management Summary

Causes of Rhabdomyolysis:
 • Trauma:
	- Immobilization
	- Crush injury
	- Compartment
- Compartment syndrome ... Hyperphosphatemia • Hypocalcemia ... /Late - Hypercalcemia ... disease 2. ... potassium and calcium
Management of Abdominal Distension and Bloating - Treatment Algorithm

Definitions
Pathophysiology
Organic/Pathologic Etiologies:
 • Small Intestinal Bowel Overgrowth (SIBO)
and Bloating - Treatment ... Definitions Pathophysiology ... Intolerance • Celiac Disease ... Disorders of Gut-Brain ... Irritable Bowel Syndrome