102 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
failure, Addison's disease ... calcium)-alkali syndrome ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... #Hypercalcemia ... #Causes #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High or Normal PTH:
 • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
- Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... , Milk Alkali Syndrome ... , Viral Syndromes ... #Differential #
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias (MEN syndromes) 

MEN I
• Hyperparathyroidism 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Possible ZE syndrome 
• Various
Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... MultipleEndocrineNeoplasia #Differential ... #Endocrinology ... Classification #Diagnosis
Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm - Low and High PTH
LOW PTH - Hypoparathyroid
 - Congenital (Pediatric)
Hypocalcemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... - Congenital (Pediatric ... Tumor lysis syndrome ... #PTH #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Differential Diagnosis ... Granulomatous Disease ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - EKG Findings
Causes of Hypercalcemia 
• Malignancy 
• Milk-alkali syndrome 
• Vitamin D toxicity 
•
• Milk-alkali syndrome ... toxicity • Paget's disease ... Granulomatous disease ... Electrocardiogram #Differential ... #Causes #Diagnosis
Hypocalcemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 - Magnesium deficiency
 - Hypoparathyroidism 
 - Hypoalbuminemia (Pseudohypocalcemia)
 - Vitamin D
Hypocalcemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... chronic kidney disease ... #endocrinology ... #differential
Hypocalcemia Laboratory Evaluation

Serum levels of PTH, phosphorus, 25-hydroxyvitamin D, and 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate between
dihydroxyvitamin D can help differentiate ... Chronic kidney disease ... Hyperparathyroidism #Diagnosis ... #Endocrinology ... #Differential
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Differential Diagnosis ... Granulomatous Disease ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #endocrinology