18 results
Diabetic Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Mild Non-proliferative DR
 • Outpouchings of the weakened capillary walls or
into the deeper retinal ... macula, and/or retina ... Retinopathy #Diabetes #ophthalmology ... #diagnosis #complications ... #pathophysiology
Renal Effect of NSAIDs Inhibition of Prostaglandin Synthesis

 - Renal disease, Cardiovascular disease -> Decreased renal
Renal Effect of ... Synthesis - Renal ... disease -> Decreased renal ... Prostaglandins #Pharmacology ... #Pathophysiology
Drugs that Impair Renal Potassium Excretion 

Decreased ENaC channel function: Amiloride, Triamterene, Pentamidine
Decreased Aldosterone Synthesis: Heparin,
Drugs that Impair Renal ... #Hyperkalemia #Pathophysiology ... #Pharmacology # ... Impaired #Potassium #Renal
Retinoblastoma: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
 • Sporadic mutation -> One allele of RB1 tumor suppressor gene
Signs / Symptoms / Complications ... absent or partial retinal ... spread • Sub-retinal ... Retinoblastoma #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology
Initial treatment of renal bone disease and cinacalcet for secondary hyperparathyroidism
Phosphate binders reduce hyperphosphataemia and hyperparathyroidism.
Initial treatment of renal ... #Pharmacology #Pathophysiology
Chronic Hypertensive Retinopathy: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Ophthalmic Artery Hypertension
Stage 1: Mild/vasoconstrictive
 • Acute and chronic vasospasm
nervefiber layer -> Retinal ... of the terminal retinal ... #Retinopathy #pathophysiology ... #ophthalmology ... signs #symptoms #complications
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
Pathogenesis and Complications ... of calcium in renal ... Hyperuricemia #Pathophysiology ... #Complications
Upper Urinary Tract infection (UUTI): Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Predisposing Factors:
 - Immunocompromised, Diabetes,
 - Elderly, Female
lower tract: As a complication ... them to adhere to renal ... UrinaryTractInfection #UUTI #Pathophysiology
Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
 • Note: in DKA, body K+ is lost
patient has good renal ... Signs/Symptoms/Complications ... DiabeticKetoacidosis #DKA #pathophysiology
The crusade against “Ab”Normal Saline continues.  This is a non-physiologic fluid that can harm our
Hyperkalemia, a complication ... increased risk of renal ... content induces renal ... which reduces renal ... showing reduced renal