15 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism 
 • Possible Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... • Lymphoma, Granulomatous ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia due to increased Vitamin D levels
 • The BIG 3:
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... disease, Acute granulomatous ... BCG-associated granulomatous ... Hypercalcemia #VitaminD #causes ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Cholecalciferol - Granulomatous ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Hyperthyroidism - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High/Normal Radioiodine Uptake
 - Autoimmune Thyroid Disease:
    • Grave's
Thyroiditis: • Granulomatous ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... absorption: • Granulomatous ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Causes of Adrenal Insufficiency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ACTH-Dependent (Secondary):
 • Pituitary Dysfunction
 • Hypothalamic Dysfunction
ACTH-Independent (Primary):
Causes of Adrenal ... Infiltrative: Malignancy, Granulomatous ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... analogues - Granulomatous ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
Metformin Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action:
 • Suppresses gluconeogenesis by the liver
 • Increases insulin-mediated glucose utilization
Metformin Pharmacology ... agent • Does not cause ... e.g. diarrhea, nausea ... #Metformin #Pharmacology ... DM2 #diabetes #endocrinology
GLP-1 Receptor Agonists - Pharmacology Summary
Mechanisms of Action: Stimulate glucose-dependent insulin release from the pancreas (GLP-1
Receptor Agonists - Pharmacology ... e.g. diarrhea, nausea ... not definitively cause ... Receptor #Agonists #Pharmacology ... DM2 #diabetes #endocrinology
SGLT2 Inhibitors 
SGLT2 inhibitors are the newest class of anti-diabetic medications, with the first one (Canagliflozin)
kidney), which causes ... SGLT2 #Inhibitors #Pharmacology ... DM2 #Diabetes #Endocrinology