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diagnosis differential algorithm management hypokalemia low metabolic treatment alkalosis hyperkalemia hypernatremia medications table acidosis aniongap cauda caudaequina comparison diuresis diuretics
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... administration #Hypernatremia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Causes ... #nephrology #sodium ... #high
Hypernatremia Diagnosis and Workup Step 1 . Repeat the sodium concentration. Step 2. Check plasma osmolality. NORMAL PLASMA
Hypernatremia Diagnosis ... Repeat the sodium ... HYPERVOLEMIC • CHF ... • nephrotic syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #Nephrology
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis • Kidney loss of Cl-
, Gitelman syndrome ... the indicated causes ... the excretion of sodium ... and potassium acid ... urine #Algorithm #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemic - Give volume Hypervolemic (Edematous) - Look for and treat underlying cause
Hyponatremia - Differential ... (CHF, cirrhosis ... , nephrotic syndrome ... Algorithm #diagnosis #nephrology ... #sodium
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... GI losses • Renal ... Reduced GFR, AKI/CRF ... #Nephrology #Differential
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome of Inappropriate ADH - Euvolemic; no physiologic stimulus to
Causes of Hyponatremia ... Diagnosis Algorithm Syndrome ... GI losses • Renal ... Reduced GFR, AKI/CRF ... #Nephrology #Differential
Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ADH Independent: • Tea and Toast Syndrome, Beer Potomania - Low solute
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Tea and Toast Syndrome ... Treat with a high ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #nephrology
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Algorithm Extra-renal ... • HTN, High Aldosterone ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #potassium #low ... #nephrology
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison Composition of LR: • Sodium 130 mEq/L •
130 mEq/L • Potassium ... shift • Saline Causes ... densa receives high ... • Saline May Cause ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
time you have a case ... Sodium loss (diuretics ... diuresis can be high ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... #nephrology
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