33 results
Urine Microscopy - Casts
Acellular Casts
 • Hyaline Casts - Consists of only precipitated Tamm-Horsfell protein without
Hyaline Casts ... colored compounds (e.g ... can be either infectious ... or non-infectious ... interpretation #diagnosis
Common causes of Acute Kidney Injury AKI - Differential Diagnosis
HEMODYNAMIC
 • Cardiac failure: Impaired forward flow,
- Differential Diagnosis ... vasoconstriction (e.g ... inhibitors, hepatorenal syndrome ... ) • Drugs (e.g ... #nephrology
Alice in Wonderland Syndrome
What? Metamorphophsia - Distortions of the visual perceptions with changes in size (micro
Syndrome What? ... common cause) • Infection ... (e.g. encephalitis ... Brain lesions (e.g ... #diagnosis #neurology
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) - Clinical Manifestations
 • Optic neuritis: Reduced visual acuity, ranging from mild to
(e.g. oculomotor ... AQP4-lgG disease; e.g ... Manifestations #diagnosis ... #neurology #symptoms ... #signs
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management Algorithm
Risk factors: Previous acute enteric infection, Female
Pathophysiology, Diagnosis ... acute enteric infection ... (e.g. fibromyalgia ... gastrointestinal infection ... -HT4 agonists Pain
Approach to Headaches - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm

Red flags (PHANTOMS):
 • Pattern change, progressively worse, papilledema
 •
papilledema • Horner syndrome ... (e.g., fever, myalgia ... lesion • CNS infection ... (e.g., meningitis ... #Algorithm #neurology
Back Pain - Differential Diagnosis
Primary Back Pathology:
 • Musculoligamentous injury (a.k.a. lumbosacral strain)
 • Spondylosis (i.e.
Diagnosis Primary ... Manifestations: • Infection ... spondyloarthritis (e.g ... spondyloarthritis (e.g ... #primarycare #table
Invasive Aspergillus (IA) - Diagnosis and Management
Aspergillus is ubiquitous in nature. Most invasive infections are caused
Aspergillus (IA) - Diagnosis ... immunosuppression (eg ... Non-pigmented (hyaline ... sometimes have this morphology ... considered in certain cases
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
deposits - Post-infectious ... GN - Loin pain ... : • Flank pain ... hematuria • Signs ... hematuria: - RBC casts
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
- Differential Diagnosis ... • Fanconi's syndrome ... sediment - WBC/RBC casts ... HSP • Post-infectious ... Protein deposition (eg