450 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid gland ... adenoma • Parathyroid ... disease of bone Malignancy ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Mechanism of malignancy-associated hypercalcemia. Abbreviations: 1,25(OH)2D, 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D; NHL, non-Hodgkin lymphoma; PTH, parathyroid hormone; PTHrP, PTH-related
Mechanism of malignancy-associated ... lymphoma; PTH, parathyroid ... Hypercalcemia #Malignancy
Workup of Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
High or Normal PTH:
 • Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid adenoma, Parathyroid hyperplasia,
Hyperparathyroidism: Parathyroid ... adenoma, Parathyroid ... hyperplasia, Parathyroid ... • High PTHrP: Malignancy ... nephrology #PTH #parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Parathyroid hormone–dependent ... hyperparathyroidism) Parathyroid ... Neoplasms - Parathyroid ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Hematuria - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Gross Hematuria: Red/Dark urine
 • 1ml blood/liter urine can induce color change
Hydronephrosis • Malignant ... Stricture • Malignancy ... Hematuria: • Malignancy ... Urolithiasis • Malignancy ... Differential #Diagnosis #causes
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy ... PTH-mediated • Parathyroid ... Hypercalcemia #Malignancy
Causes of Thrombocytosis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Spurious:
 • Artifact (redo CBC)
Autonomous:
 • Essential thrombocytosis
 • Polycythemia
Causes of Thrombocytosis ... • Burns Non malignant ... Non-hematologic malignancy ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Radial Fracture Due to Parathyroid Carcinoma- ...A plain radiograph of the left arm showed a diaphyseal
Fracture Due to Parathyroid ... with an intact parathyroid ... found to have parathyroid ... which is a rare cause ... the patient’s parathyroid
Approach to determining the cause of a blood clot
1) Is it acquired?
2) Should you consider inheritable
determining the cause ... consider inheritable causes ... for undiagnosed malignancy ... VTE #diagnosis #causes
Causes of Hyperferritinemia - Differential Diagnosis
Ferritin > 1000
Ferritin is the storage form of iron. Increased hepcidin
Causes of Hyperferritinemia ... Most Common Causes ... Malignancy - 24% ... 1% Most Common Causes ... Hematologic Malignancy