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Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome ... Insulin demand: infections ... #dka #hhs #pathophysiology ... #comparison #endocrinology
Irritable Bowel Syndrome (IBS) - Pathophysiology, Diagnosis and Management Algorithm
Risk factors: Previous acute enteric infection, Female
(IBS) - Pathophysiology ... Diagnosis and Management ... acute enteric infection ... gastrointestinal infection ... #Pathophysiology
Pulmonary Renal Syndrome

Definition: Diffuse alveolar hemorrhage + Glomerulonephritis
Presentation (Pulmonary and renal manifestations can occur weeks apart):
symptomatology Differential ... allopurinol), Infection ... Investigations • Labs: CBC ... DAH, rule out infection ... #differential #
CNS Ring-Enhancing Lesions - Immunocompromised vs Immunocompetent
Multiple Ring-Enhancing Lesions:
 • Toxoplasmosis (CD4 < 100)
 • Other
Toxoplasmosis (CD4 ... Diagnosis- Compatible syndrome ... splenomegaly Other infections ... multiple lesions Infectious ... Lesions #Brain #differential
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Diagnosis and Management ... Formation: Hungy Bone Syndrome ... - DiGeorge Syndrome ... #endocrinology ... #differential #algorithm
Causes of Adrenal Insufficiency - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
ACTH-Dependent (Secondary):
 • Pituitary Dysfunction
 • Hypothalamic Dysfunction
ACTH-Independent (Primary):
Insufficiency - Differential ... Polyglandular Autoimmune Syndrome ... • Infectious: ... Insufficiency #AI #Differential ... Algorithm #Causes #endocrinology
Short Stature - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Variant, Normal Puberty Onset (BA = CA)
 • Familial Short
Short Stature - Differential ... • Turner Syndrome ... CRF) • Infection ... #ShortStature #Differential ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology
Infectious Causes of Adrenal Insufficiency
Anatomical distribution of vessels to the adrenal makes the gland prone to
Infectious Causes ... primary adrenal infection ... Waterhouse-Friderichsen syndrome ... Insufficiency #AI #differential ... #diagnosis #endocrinology
Causes of Fat Malabsorption - Differential Diagnosis
Biliary Duct Obstruction
 • Autoimmune— PBC, PSC
 • Infection— liver
Malabsorption - Differential ... — PBC, PSC • Infection ... Shwachman-Diamond syndrome ... disease • IBD- CD ... • Short bowel syndrome
C.diff - Clostridioides Difficile Infection (CDI) - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

Clinical Presentation + Progression:
Clostridioides Difficile Infection ... and Management ... Perforation) Pathophysiology ... #1 nosocomial infection ... #diagnosis #management