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Causes of Hemiplegia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Cerebral Hemisphere (Contralateral motor cortex)
 • Aphasia
 • Apraxia
 •
Causes of Hemiplegia ... Brown-Sequard Syndrome ... contralateral to weakness ... ipsilateral to weakness ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Peripheral Weakness without Sensory Changes - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
No Objective Weakness
 • Cardio-pulmonary disease
Causes of Peripheral ... Weakness without ... Sensory Changes ... Lambert-Eaton Myasthenic Syndrome ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Lesions of the Spinal cord - Spinal Cord Syndromes

Spinal cord lesions can result in permanent neurologic
Causes of spinal ... • Extrinsic Causes ... • Intrinsic Causes ... at the level of sensory ... paralysis - Sensory
Cauda Equina Syndrome
Causes:
 • Large lumbar degenerative disc herniation (central)
 • Severe lumbar spondylosis
 • Neoplasm
Cauda Equina Syndrome ... Causes: • Large ... Complications: • Weakness ... Anesthesia • Sensory ... #CaudaEquina #Syndrome
Lower Extremity Dermatomes and Myotomes
Reflexes: 
 • Knee - L2, L3, L4
 • Ankle - S1
• Cauda Equina Syndrome ... Foot drop and sensory ... Commonly caused ... claudication and weakness ... diagnosis #neurology #sensory
Upper Extremity Dermatomes and Myotomes
Motor Function
Shoulder:
 • Abduction - C5,C6 (axillary)
 • Adduction - C6, C7,
Erb's Palsy is caused ... hand" ± Horner Syndrome ... Carpal Tunnel Syndrome ... anesthesia and deltoid weakness ... diagnosis #neurology #sensory
Guillain–Barré syndrome (GBS)
(aka: Landry–Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome:
	Most common cause of acute flaccid paralysis
	Rapidly progressive ascending paralysis & areflexia
	Autonomic
Guillain–Barré syndrome ... Landry–Guillain–Barré–Strohl syndrome ...  Most common cause ... Botulism: Descending weakness ... myelitis: Pain, weakness
Spinal Cord Disorders - Differential Diagnosis Framework

Spinal cord neurological lesion:
Clinical findings:
 • Symptoms and signs below
abnormal often- Sensory ... Non-compressive Spinal Cord Causes ... MCTD, Sjogren syndrome ... • Sensory loss ... : Sensory level
Cauda Equina Syndrome Overview

Cauda Equina Syndrome:
 • Prevalence: 1:33,000-100,000 ppl/yr
 • Incidence: 1.5-3.4 million ppl/yr
 •
and/or genital sensory ... - Emergency Causes ... lower extremity weakness ... and sensory disturbances ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Thiamine Deficiency - Differential Diagnosis Framework and Clinical Manifestations

Causes of Thiamine Deficiency:
 • Poor intake:
	- Diets
Manifestations Causes ... - Refeeding syndrome ... • Korsakoff Syndrome ... extremities - Sensory ... extremities - Muscle weakness