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Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... #Differential # ... #low #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... #Differential # ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Drugs - Amiloride ... inhibitors Other causes ... #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #differential # ... causes
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, Differential ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... - Drugs - ... #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Hypothyroidism, Stress, Drugs ... #Causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Redistribution:
 - IV glucose
 - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis
 - IV hyperalimentation
 - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... - Nasogastric suction ... renal disease Drugs ... - Primary or secondary ... #diagnosis #differential
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... filtered Na+/K+/Cl-,• secondary ... #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
- Functional ... - Incontinence Secondary ... Medications - - Drugs ... Classification #Causes ... #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
mitral valve - Secondary ... - Drug induced ... : Anorectic drugs ... Causes of functional ... #Differential #
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... hyperaldosteronism, Secondary ... Conn's, Liddle's), Drugs ... #Causes #differential