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Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... - Increased Urinary ... #low #pathophysiology
Causes and Pathophysiology of Hypertension

#Causes #Pathophysiology #Hypertension #Primary #Essential #Secondary #Differential

** GrepMed Recommended Text: Guyton and
Causes and Pathophysiology ... #Pathophysiology ... #Hypertension #Primary ... #Essential #Secondary ... #Differential
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
inhibitors Other causes ... High Renin - Primary ... #Algorithm #diagnosis ... #differential # ... causes
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... #Differential # ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... structure-related • Primary ... Parathyroid gland function-related ... #Causes #endocrinology ... #diagnosis #differential
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... filtered Na+/K+/Cl-,• secondary ... #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Causes of Primary and Functional Mitral Regurgitation (MR) 
Causes of primary mitral regurgitation
 - Rheumatic heart
Causes of Primary ... mitral valve - Secondary ... Causes of functional ... #Primary #Functional ... #Differential #
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
- Functional ... Incontinence - This is a functional ... - Incontinence Secondary ... Classification #Causes ... #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Redistribution:
 - IV glucose
 - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis
 - IV hyperalimentation
 - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... - Nasogastric suction ... Hypercalcemic states - Primary ... or secondary aldosteronism ... #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... thiazide-like diuretics), Primary ... hyperaldosteronism, Secondary ... #Causes #differential