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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Glucocorticoid deficit - Hypokalemia ... #Hyponatremia #Classification ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Refeeding Syndrome #Hypokalemia ... #causes #potassium ... #low #pathophysiology
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Emergency Therapy of Hyperkalemia
Therapy - Dose and Route - Onset of Action - Duration of Effect
Emergency Therapy of Hyperkalemia ... Hemodialysis #Hyperkalemia ... #management #pharmacology ... #table #treatment
Treatment of Stable Narrow-Complex Tachycardia
Regular Rhythm:
 • Attempt vagal maneuvers
 • Give adenosine 6 milligrams IV
Treatment of Stable ... Treat underlying cause ... #Stable #NarrowComplex ... Tachycardia #Treatment #management ... #cardiology #algorithm
Treatment of Stable Wide-Complex Tachycardia
Regular
 • If ventricular tachycardia or uncertain rhythm:
    -
Treatment of Stable ... irregular protocol #Stable ... Tachycardia #Treatment #management ... #cardiology #algorithm
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
organic acids and bases ... Segments #Function #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Hyperkalemic periodic ... End-stage renal ... High #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
irrigation • Management ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia
I. Decreased intake
   A. Starvation
   B. Clay ingestion
II. Redistribution into
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Anabolic state ... deficiency #Hypokalemia ... Low #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes