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Structure and function of the Adrenal Glands

#Adrenal #Glands #Function #Hormones #Actions #Pathophysiology #Endocrinology

** GrepMed Recommended Text:
Structure and function ... of the Adrenal ... Glands #Adrenal ... #Hormones #Actions ... #Pathophysiology
Major Physiological Effects of Angiotensin II

Altered Peripheral Resistance
I. Direct vasoconstriction
II. Enhancement of peripheral noradrenergic
neurotransmission:
  A.
catecholamines from adrenal ... Function l. ... aldosterone from adrenal ... AngiotensinII #Pathophysiology ... #Action
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... Henle's loop (TAL) - Active ... tubule (DCT) - Active ... #Pathophysiology ... #Tubules #Table
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Redistribution:
 - IV glucose
 - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis
 - IV hyperalimentation
 - Refeeding
- Nasogastric suction ... (steatorrhea) Renal ... Tubulointerstitial renal ... Causes #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
loss: Nasogastric suction ... steatorrhea) • Renal ... Tubulointerstitial renal ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes #differential
Adrenoceptor Actions
α1
 • Vascular smooth muscle - Contraction
 • Genitourinary smooth muscle - Contraction
 • Intestinal
Adrenoceptor Actions ... conduction velocity • Renal ... adrenergic #receptors #actions ... #pharmacology #pathophysiology ... #comparison #table
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
, nasogastric suction ... Villous adenoma Renal ... chewing tobacco, Renal ... Hypokalemia #Causes #differential