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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Cirrhosis - Nephrotic ... hyponatremia - Diuretics ... Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... , UNa < 20 • Nephrotic
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Diuretics and Agents ... kidney disease, and nephrotic ... kidney disease, and nephrotic ... Kidney stones caused ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... , nasogastric suction ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #Hypokalemia #Causes ... #differential #
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... organic acids and bases ... acid and most diuretics ... Nephron #Segments #Function ... Pathophysiology #Tubules #Table
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Redistribution:
 - IV glucose
 - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis
 - IV hyperalimentation
 - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... - Nasogastric suction ... Drugs: - Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... #diagnosis #differential
Principal Causes of Generalized Edema - History, Physical Examination, and Laboratory Findings 

Cardiac, Hepatic, Renal (ARF),
Principal Causes ... (ARF), Renal (Nephrotic ... Anasarca #Diagnosis #Differential ... #Table
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... loss: Nasogastric suction ... • Drugs: Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... #differential #
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
- Functional ... Incontinence - This is a functional ... Incontinence #Types #Classification ... #Causes #diagnosis ... #differential
Secondary Causes of Hyperlipidemia
Nunerous secondary causes of hyperlipidemia exist; screening for the presence of these underlying
Secondary Causes ... Nunerous secondary causes ... beta-blockers, diuretics ... Hypothyroidism, Nephrotic ... #differential #