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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Differential Diagnosis ... Cirrhosis - Nephrotic ... Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... , UNa < 20 • Nephrotic ... #Causes #nephrology
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
Nephron and their Functions ... straight segments - Secretion ... organic acids and bases ... Nephron #Segments #Function ... Pathophysiology #Tubules #Table
Classification of Jaundice
Unconjugated hyperbilirubinemia (predominantly indirect bilirubin)
 • Increased bilirubin production (eg, hemolytic anemias, hemolytic reactions,
Classification of ... Syndromes - Faulty excretion ... #Jaundice #Classification ... #unconjugated #differential ... #causes
Principal Causes of Generalized Edema - History, Physical Examination, and Laboratory Findings 

Cardiac, Hepatic, Renal (ARF),
Principal Causes ... (ARF), Renal (Nephrotic ... Anasarca #Diagnosis #Differential ... #Table
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
- Functional ... Incontinence - This is a functional ... Incontinence #Types #Classification ... #Causes #diagnosis ... #differential
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Regulating Renal Excretion ... kidney disease, and nephrotic ... kidney disease, and nephrotic ... Kidney stones caused ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
Redistribution:
 - IV glucose
 - Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis
 - IV hyperalimentation
 - Refeeding
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... - Nasogastric suction ... antidiuretic hormone secretion ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
Causes of Hypomagnesemia ... loss: Nasogastric suction ... antidiuretic hormone secretion ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes ... #differential #
Emergent Causes of Headache and Associated Risk Factors
Carbon monoxide poisoning
 - Breathing in enclosed or confined
Emergent Causes ... immunologic system function ... intercourse or exertion ... signs #symptoms #differential