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Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) 
Type 1 - Failure of secretion
Type 2 - Bicarbonate wasting
Type 4 -
Acidosis (RTA) Type ... of secretion Type ... Bicarbonate wasting Type ... proximal features and high ... #classification
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
Types of Urinary ... that transient increases ... #Incontinence #Types ... #Classification ... #Causes #diagnosis
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
urine volume, Increased ... calcium excretion, Increased ... urine volume, Increased ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Hemolysis - Diagnostic Algorithm and Causes

Increased red cell production: 
 • Increased Reticulocytosis/polychromasia 
 • Erythroid
Hemolysis - Diagnostic Algorithm ... and Causes Increased ... LDH • Increased ... Hemolytic #Anemia #Algorithm ... #Differential #Causes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Increased Loss ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
inhibitors Other causes ... I, type II - ... transplant - SLE High ... #Hyperkalemia #Algorithm ... #differential #causes
Laboratory Evaluation of Patients for Thyroid Disease 
Hyperthyroidism:
 • Graves disease - TSH low; free T4
; in some cases, ... ; normal or increased ... multiple areas of increased ... ; normal or increased ... ; increased; decreased
Diagnosis of Hypokalemia - Differential Algorithm 

Categorized by Causes: Redistribution, Extrarenal Losses, Renal Losses (High and
- Differential Algorithm ... Categorized by Causes ... Renal Losses (High ... #Differential #Algorithm
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... TTKG should be high ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #potassium ... #high #pathophysiology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia due to increased ... Hypercalcemia due to increased ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... diagnosis #calcium #high