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Renal Tubular Acidosis (RTA) 
Type 1 - Failure of secretion
Type 2 - Bicarbonate wasting
Type 4 -
Acidosis (RTA) Type ... of secretion Type ... Bicarbonate wasting Type ... proximal features and high ... #classification
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... I, type II - ... transplant - SLE High ... Beta-Blockers #Hyperkalemia ... #Algorithm #diagnosis
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
urine volume, Increased ... calcium excretion, Increased ... hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... Mycoplasma infections, High
Hyperkalemia Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
R/O Pseudo-hyperkalemia:
 • Possible Lab error! Alwavs Repeat Blood sample!
 • Leukocytosis, Thrombocytosis:
Hyperkalemia Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... TTKG should be high ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... causes #potassium #high
Diagnosis of Hypokalemia - Differential Algorithm 

Categorized by Causes: Redistribution, Extrarenal Losses, Renal Losses (High and
Diagnosis of Hypokalemia ... - Differential Algorithm ... Renal Losses (High ... #Diagnosis #Hypokalemia ... #Differential #Algorithm
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Increased Loss 
 - Increased GI Loss
 - Increased Urinary
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Increased Loss ... Refeeding Syndrome #Hypokalemia ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... due to increased ... due to increased ... diagnosis #calcium #high
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Causes of High-anion ... Acidosis Causes of High-anion ... Hypokalemia ... Proximal RTA (type ... (classic) RTA (type
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... causes (e.g., hypokalemia ... , hypercalcemia) ... Diabetes #Insipidus #Classification ... #Types #Nephrology
Types of Urinary Incontinence
 - Stress Incontinence - The urethral sphincter is weakened so that transient
Types of Urinary ... that transient increases ... contribute to any type ... #Incontinence #Types ... #Classification