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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
syndrome - Acute ... and chronic kidney ... deficit - Salt-losing ... Vomiting - Diarrhea ... #Diagnosis #Table
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days)
Exclude:
1. Causes of acute diarrhea
2. Lactose intolerance
3.
Evaluation of Chronic ... Causes of acute ... Medications 7. ... #Diarrhea #management ... workup #diagnosis #differential
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists 
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists
Methacholine
 • Diagnosis of bronchial airway
Carbachol
 • Glaucorna (topical
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists ... Atropine • Acute ... hyoscyamine • Diarrhea-predominant ... #Medications #Pharmacology ... #Table
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
irrigation • Management ... Torsemide) • Acute ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... #Pharmacology #Medications ... #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... deficiency, Salt-losing ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... or chronic renal