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diagnosis differential causes nephrology algorithm classification hyponatremia medications pharmacology acidosis agonists aniongap antimuscarinic diuresis diuretics high hyperkalemia metabolic nongap potassium
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status Hypervolemic hypernatremia - CHF
syndrome - Acute ... and chronic kidney ... deficit - Salt-losing ... Vomiting - Diarrhea ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
Regulating Renal Excretion ... irrigation • Management ... Torsemide) • Acute ... hyperaldosteronism • Acute ... #Medications #Table
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
deficiency, Salt-losing ... losses, Vomiting, Diarrhea ... antidiuretic hormone secretion ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... or chronic renal
Muscarinic Receptor Agonists and Antagonists Muscarinic Receptor Agonists Methacholine • Diagnosis of bronchial airway Carbachol • Glaucorna (topical
Receptor Agonists and Antagonists ... Muscarinic Receptor Antagonists ... Atropine • Acute ... hyoscyamine • Diarrhea-predominant ... #Pharmacology #Table
Algorithm for the Evaluation of Chronic Diarrhea (< 7 days) Exclude: 1. Causes of acute diarrhea 2. Lactose intolerance 3.
Evaluation of Chronic ... Causes of acute ... diarrhea 2. ... 1000 g/24 h) #Chronic ... #Diarrhea #management
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis: • Lactic acidosis
Renal failure (acute ... and chronic) Causes ... Diarrhea B. ... Chronic progressive ... ketosis with ketone excretion
Causes of Hyperkalemia l. Pseudohyperkalemia A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis B.
Beta-Adrenergic antagonists ... Inadequate excretion ... Chronic kidney disease ... uropathy, post-acute ... Acute oliguric kidney
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