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Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
Classification, ... Acute and chronic kidney ... Drugs - SIADH Renal ... Differential #Diagnosis #Table ... #Causes
Causes of Acute Kidney Injury ( AKI ) - Prerenal, Renal, and Postrenal

PRE-RENAL 
Impaired perfusion: 
•
Causes of Acute ... Kidney Injury ( ... ) - Prerenal, Renal ... Diagnosis #Acute #Kidney ... #Differential #Nephrology
Inherited Defects in Kidney Tubule Epithelial Cells

Renal glucosuria - Na+-dependent glucose cotransporter
Cystinuria - Amino acid transporter
Bartter
Inherited Defects in Kidney ... Epithelial Cells Renal ... receptor Distal renal ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis ... #Differential #Table
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... stones caused by ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Pharmacology # ... Medications #Table
Hypernatremia Classification and Features According to Volume Status
 - Hypervolemic hypernatremia - Cushing's syndrome, Primary hyperaldosteronism,
Hypernatremia Classification ... Hypodipsia - Renal ... Hypernatremia #Classification ... Diagnosis #Comparison #Table ... #Nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
oxoproline) • Renal ... Renal acidosis ... Chronic progressive kidney ... hyperkalemia (with renal ... #nephrology
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
Modalities for Renal ... obstruction - Able ... identify non-calculus causes ... for non-calculus causes ... #Kidney #stones
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of ... Acquired - Primary renal ... uropathy, Metabolic causes ... Diabetes #Insipidus #Classification ... #Types #Nephrology
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Causes of Hyperkalemia ... Renal resistance ... End-stage renal ... High #Potassium #Classification ... #Causes
Medications Used in the Abortive Treatment of Ongoing Seizure Activity in the Emergency Department

INITIAL THERAPY
 -
Phenytoin - May cause ... #Medications #Neurology ... #Pharmacology # ... Dosing #Table