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Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: 
 • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... losses, Diuretic ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... failure Hypervolemia ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Classification, Differential Diagnosis, and Features of Hyponatremia According to Volume Status 

Hypervolemic hypernatremia 
 - CHF
syndrome - Acute ... chronic kidney disease ... Drugs - SIADH Renal ... hyponatremia - Diuretics ... #Diagnosis #Table
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
; High-Ceiling Diuretics ... Torsemide) • Acute ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
The Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia
Drugs
 - Amiloride
 - Spironolactone
 - Triamterene
 - Trimethoprim
 - Pentamidine
 -
Diagnostic Approach to Hyperkalemia ... - Renal transplant ... - SLE High Renin ... Diabetes mellitus - Acute ... Algorithm #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Hypokalemia
Transcellular Shifts:
 - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... Villous adenoma Renal ... Hypomagnesemia, Acute ... #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
failure (acute ... progressive kidney disease ... Potassium-sparing diuretics ... Metabolic #Acidosis #differential ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology
Causes of Hypomagnesemia
 • Redistribution: IV glucose, Correction of diabetic ketoacidosis, IV hyperalimentation, Refeeding after starvation,
after starvation, Acute ... disease • Drugs ... : Loop diuretics ... Hypomagnesemia #Causes #differential ... #diagnosis #nephrology
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
hypercalciuria, Hypercalcemia ... recessive genetic disease ... Mycoplasma infections, High ... virus or HIV/AIDS, diuretics ... #stones #differential
Causes of Hyperkalemia
l. Pseudohyperkalemia
  A Cellular efflux; thrombocytosis, erythrocytosis, leukocytosis, in vitro hemolysis
  B.
Renal resistance ... uropathy, post-acute ... Acute oliguric kidney ... #Differential # ... Diagnosis #High