The Calgary Guide to Understanding Disease @TheCalgaryGuide
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Graves’ Disease: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
B & T lymphocyte mediated autoimmunity attack TSH receptor -> Continuous
pathophysiology #endocin ... #endocrinology
Pathogenesis of Select Causes of Constipation in Adults and in Elderly

 • Mechanical (ex. Bowel Obstruction,
Select Causes of Constipation ... the bowel • Endocrine ... transit time #constipation
Serotonin-Norepinephrine Reuptake Inhibitors(SNRIs): Mechanisms and Side Effects

Withdrawal: Dizziness, Diarrhea, Insomnia, Nausea, Vomiting
Serotonin Syndrome - Potentially Life
, Diaphoresis, Constipation
Fecal Incontinence - Pathogenesis and Complications
Continence mechanisms are impaired
 • Local neuronal damage
 • External and
laxatives • Chronic constipation
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
blurred vision constipation
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology
Feedback Loop: Prolactin (PRL)
 • PRL levels exhibit diurnal, menstrual, and age-related variation
 • TRH has
#FeedbackLoop #endocrinology
Refeeding Syndrome: Pathogenesis and clinical findings

Patients at Risk of Refeeding Syndrome:
 - Little or no nutritional
GI: Anorexia, Constipation
Feedback Loop: Growth Hormone (GH)
Growth Hormone:
 • Liver -> GHR activates JAK-STAT pathway -> Incr IGF1
#FeedbackLoop #endocrinology
Menstrual Cycle Physiology: Ovarian Cycle – Brief Overview
LH and FSH are required for follicular development and
#menstruation #endocrinology