5366 results
Hepatic Encephalopathy - Diagnosis and Management Summary
Definition:
 • Alteration in brain function manifested by neuropsychiatric symptoms
Diagnosis and Management ... neuropsychiatric symptoms • Caused ... metabolized to lactic acid ... branched chain amino acids ... Classification #Diagnosis #Management
Ketosis Disorders
Ketone bodies are a normal metabolic energy source. Excessive unregulated production of ketones, often accompanied
consequence of fatty acid ... ketoacidosis (DKA) - caused ... Glucosuria causes ... differential #diagnosis #management
Toxic Alcohol Ingestion: Methanol
Solvent found in cleaning and printing solutions, adhesives, stains, paint removers,
antifreeze agent in
Metabolite (eg. formic acid ... ) causes toxicity ... , but does NOT cause ... #Diagnosis #Management
Chemical Eye Injury: Pathogenesis and clinical findings
Exogenous chemical to the eye and/or adnexa
 • Ammonia, sodium
and hydrochloric acid ... the most common acids ... following initial management ... Acidic injuries cause ... Alkali injuries cause
Refractory Helicobacter Pylori Infection

Causes:
 • Antibiotic resistance (i.e. prior antibiotic exposure to levofloxacin)
 • Non-adherence (i.e.
Pylori Infection Causes ... . insufficient acid ... HPylori #diagnosis #management
ED Treatment of 
Abnormal Uterine Bleeding 

Hemodynamically unstable 
Resuscitation 
 • ABCs! 
 • Fluids +
pregnancy related cause ... • Transexamic acid ... Uterine #Bleeding #Management
Leukostasis vs Tumor Lysis Syndrome
Leukostasis:
 • Pathophysiology: Large, immature blasts and high WBC count cause hyperviscosity
high WBC count cause ... Elevated uric acid ... TLS #diagnosis #management
High Anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis (HAGMA) - Mnemonics
Why should we switch from MUDPILES to GOLDMARK?
 •
toxins that can cause ... Three new organic acids ... and acid precursors ... recognized as causes
Hyperuricemia: Pathogenesis and Complications

 - Hypercalcemia (due to diseases like Sarcoidosis and Hyperparathyroidism) -> Accumulation of
to filter uric acid ... like lactic acid ... and keto-acids) ... secretion of uric acid ... Release of purine bases
Pathways Involved in Protein and Amino Acid Metabolism in Chronic Kidney Disease. The tricarboxylic acid (TCA)
Protein and Amino Acid ... tricarboxylic acid ... metabolize amino acids ... products of amino acid ... oxidation of amino acids