392 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... Immobilization Hypercalcemia ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Tract: ↑ Ca2+ absorption ... , ↑ PO4- absorption ... Tract: ↓ Ca2+ absorption ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia
Characteristics of Commonly Used Phosphate Binders 
Aluminum 
 - Potent and effective 
 - Useful for
Inexpensive - Treats hypocalcemia ... - No systemic absorption ... Lower risk of hypercalcemia ... - Significant absorption ... significant systemic absorption
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... ↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption ... @kdjhaveri #Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
renal magnesium absorption ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Decreased calcium absorption ... Decreased intestinal absorption ... resistance to bone resorption ... Rhabdomyolysis #Hypocalcemia
Differential Diagnosis of Hypo and Hypercalcemia #Diagnosis #EM #IM #Differential #Calcium #Hypocalcemia #Hypercalemia #Ddxof
Diagnosis of Hypo and Hypercalcemia ... Differential #Calcium #Hypocalcemia ... #Hypercalemia #
1
Formation of organic acids
Lactate, dissociated fatty acids, acetic acids, etc.
Metabolism
H formationt
4
Hyperkalemia
ЗНСО,
Na
2
Mineralization
3
Hypoventilation
CO;
POA
3-
HCO;
6
CO, output # with expiration
Diarrhea
5
H*-
Proximal tubule
Renal
formationt 4 Hyperkalemia ... excess HCO HCO absorption
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia