380 results
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption ... #Causes #differential
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption ... @kdjhaveri #Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Tract: ↑ Ca2+ absorption ... , ↑ PO4- absorption ... Tract: ↓ Ca2+ absorption ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... ↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes
Characteristics of Commonly Used Phosphate Binders 
Aluminum 
 - Potent and effective 
 - Useful for
Inexpensive - Treats hypocalcemia ... - No systemic absorption ... Lower risk of hypercalcemia ... - Significant absorption ... significant systemic absorption
Causes of Hypermagnesemia
Increased magnesium load
 - Magnesium-containing laxatives, antacids, or enemas
 - Treatment of pre-edampsia/eclampsia (mothers
Causes of Hypermagnesemia ... renal magnesium absorption ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... Hypermagnesemia #Causes
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia ... Other Familial Hypercalcemias ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone Resorption
Reflex Testing - Causes of Hyporeflexia and Hyperreflexia
Focal Hyporeflexia: 
 • Radiculopathy, Mononeuropathy, Polyneuropathy, Acute stroke,
Reflex Testing - Causes ... Hyporeflexia: • Hypercalcemia ... Deep coma (any cause ... Hyperreflexia: • Hypocalcemia ... Hyperreflexia #Testing #Causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia

#Differential #Hypercalcemia #Diagnosis #Causes #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... #Differential #Hypercalcemia ... #Diagnosis #Causes