10 results
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
Types of Renal Calculi ... , Increased urinary ... heart failure #Calculi ... differential #diagnosis #causes ... #calculus
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... resorption: • Primary ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Pediatric Causes of Abdominal Pain

Surgical:
 - Acute appendicitis 
 - Intestinal obstruction including intussusception 
 -
Pediatric Causes ... tract: • urinary ... • renal calculus ... Abdominal #Pain #Pediatrics ... #Causes #Differential
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
Modalities for Renal Calculus ... KUB - Good far calcium-containing ... causes of flank ... causes of obstruction ... lower and upper urinary
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
or normal): • Primary ... Bony Mets - Calcium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #causes ... #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
Evaluation 1) Clinical clues ... → Primary hyperapara ... → Primary hyperpara ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #calcium #elevated
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
are composed of calcium ... staghorn or large calculus ... increases the urinary ... These mutations cause ... flankpain #PCN #calculus
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... structure-related • Primary ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... Hypercalcemia #Causes ... #endocrinology
Short Stature - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Normal Variant, Normal Puberty Onset (BA = CA)
 • Familial Short
Deprivation • Primary ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #endocrinology ... #causes #pediatrics
Metabolic Causes of Kidney Stones in Children
 • Calcium Oxalate: Primary Hyperoxaluria type 1-3, Secondary Hyperoxaluria
Metabolic Causes ... in Children • Calcium ... Oxalate: Primary ... Xanthine: AR • Calcium ... Kidney #Stones #pediatrics