22 results
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Pathophysiology ... - inadequate production ... #dka #hhs #pathophysiology ... #comparison #endocrinology
Mechanism of Action for Common Diabetes Medications

 • SGLT2i (Dapagliflozin)
 • TZD (Pioglitazone)
 • Biguanides (Metformin)
#Medications #pharmacology ... #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Mechanism of Action of Bile Acid Sequestrants
Bile Acid Sequestrants → ↓ Hepatic Bile Acid Pool →
Expression → ↑ VLDL Production ... Secretion → ↑ LDL Production ... sequestration #pathophysiology ... #pharmacology #
Anterior Shoulder Dislocation: Pathogenesis, clinical, and radiographic findings

Trauma, Fall on, outstretched arm, Overhead throwing => Abduction
Anterior Shoulder Dislocation ... Overhead throwing => Abduction ... Anterior Shoulder Dislocation ... x-ray view -> Dislocation ... #orthopedics #pathophysiology
Primary Sjogren’s Syndrome: Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings
• Primary Sjögren's is a solitary process whereas secondary Sjögren's
may be seen in association ... Decreased tear production ... Decreased saliva production ... Decreased sebum production ... Sjogrens #Syndrome #Pathophysiology
Primary Hyperthyroidism - Pathogenesis and Clinical Findings

Note: Although rare, gestational diseases can lead to thyrotoxicosis due
to excess TSH production ... Hyperthyroidism #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Feedback Loop: Prolactin (PRL)
 • PRL levels exhibit diurnal, menstrual, and age-related variation
 • TRH has
Ducts -> Milk production ... #FeedbackLoop #endocrinology ... #pathophysiology
Menstrual Cycle Physiology: Ovarian Cycle – Ovulation Explained

Around Day 14, estrogen exerts sudden +++ positive feedback
-> surge in LH production ... Increased fluid production ... #OvarianCycle #pathophysiology ... #Ovulation #endocrinology
Menstrual Cycle Physiology: The Hypothalamic-Pituitary-Ovarian Axis
Estrogen, when released:
 • Negatively feeds back on the hypothalamus and
Decreased FSH production ... to Increased LH production ... MenstrualCycle #pathophysiology ... HypothalamicPituitary #endocrinology
Anticonvulsants as Mood Stabilizers: Mechanism and Side-effect
Examples: Valproate, Carbamazepine, Lamotrigine
 • Mild anticholinergic effect -> Drowsiness
constipation • Allergic reaction ... mediated cytotoxic reaction ... #SideEffects #Pathophysiology ... #Psychiatry #Pharmacology