16 results
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
Causes of Chronic ... 3 months Pre-Renal ... Immune (sarcoid, Sjögren ... KidneyDisease #Nephrology ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hyperparathyroidism Genetic disorders ... hormone–independent Renal ... failure, acute or chronic ... Differential #Diagnosis #Endocrinology
BEE Syndromes - Immune-mediated conditions affecting the brain, eye, and ear

Visual or auditory symptoms in conjunction
and less common diseases ... Inflammatory causes ... • Sjögren syndrome ... optica spectrum disorder ... #neurology #inflammatory
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Vitamin D metabolic disorders ... Pheochromocytoma Chronic ... • Milk-alkali syndrome ... #endocrinology
Causes of Fatigue - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Endocrine
 • Hypo/Hyperthyroidism
 • Diabetes
 • Pituitary Insufficiency
 • Adrenal
Metabolic • Renal ... Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ... Neurologic • ... • Somatization Disorder ... Fatigue Syndrome
Neuromyelitis Optica (NMO) - Clinical Manifestations
 • Optic neuritis: Reduced visual acuity, ranging from mild to
involvement: Intractable nausea ... (AQP4-lgG disease ... Comorbid autoimmune disorders ... erythematosus, Sjögren ... Manifestations #diagnosis #neurology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... Kidney stones caused ... Inhibitors of Renal ... specific bleeding disorders ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology
Membranoproliferative Glomerulonephritis (MPGN) AKA: Mesangiocapillary GN
 • Active Urine Sediment (dysmorphic RBC, RBC casts, +/- proteinuria)
Ex: HCV, HBV, Sjogren's ... (Dense deposit disease ... anti-phospholipid syndrome ... Glomerulonephritis #MPGN #nephrology ... #diagnosis #renal
Causes of Secondary Hypertension - Workup and Differential Diagnosis
Approach (when evaluation should be done):
1. Severe or
heart failure, neurologic ... with electrolyte disorders ... Vasculitis • Endocrinologic ... disease: CKD, acute ... Neurologic disorders
Acid Base Disorders - Blood Gas Interpretation

Steps for Blood Gas Interpretation: 
1. Acidemia or Alkalemia? 
2.
Acid Base Disorders ... D-lactate (short bowel syndrome ... restrictive lung disease ... #AcidBase #disorders ... Diagnosis #Summary #Nephrology