334 results
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis - Impaired Excretion vs Redistribution

Impaired Urinary Excretion 
 - Renal failure
 -
Diagnosis - Impaired Excretion ... Impaired Urinary Excretion ... deficiency - Acidosis
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
gap metabolic acidosis ... Kidney tubular acidosis ... result of increased excretion ... result of increased excretion ... chloride due to the excretion
Hyperuricemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary - Over-production
     • Increased turnover of nucleotides
Primary
Primary - Under-excretion ... Secondary - Under-excretion ... • Diabetic acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap and Non-anion Gap Metabolic Acidosis
Causes of High-anion Gap Acidosis:
 • Lactic acidosis
Gap Metabolic Acidosis ... High-anion Gap Acidosis ... : • Lactic acidosis ... Renal acidosis ... ketosis with ketone excretion
Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Transcellular Shift:
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 • Tumor Lysis
 • Metabolic or Respiratory Acidosis
or Respiratory Acidosis ... Deficiency Decreased Excretion
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
urinary calcium excretion ... Renal tubular acidosis ... urinary calcium excretion ... Renal tubular acidosis
Causes of Hyperkalemia
Pseudohyperkalemia
 - Tourniquet use
 - Hemolysis (in vitro)
 - Leukocytosis
 - Thrombocytosis
Intra- to extracellular
potassium shift - Acidosis ... Decreased potassium excretion ... renal potassium excretion ... renal tubular acidosis
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Saline Exacerbates Acidosis ... gap metabolic acidosis ... Hyperkalemia: - Acidosis ... volume and sodium excretion ... vasodilation - Acidosis
1
Formation of organic acids
Lactate, dissociated fatty acids, acetic acids, etc.
Metabolism
H formationt
4
Hyperkalemia
ЗНСО,
Na
2
Mineralization
3
Hypoventilation
CO;
POA
3-
HCO;
6
CO, output # with expiration
Diarrhea
5
H*-
Proximal tubule
Renal
formation 6-Na H excretion ... HCO, excretion ... [CO,] <7.35 #Acidosis
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Redistribution: Acidosis ... • ↓ Renal K+ Excretion ... suggests ↓ renal excretion ... hyperchloremic acidosis ... gtt - Only in acidosis