41 results
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... due to increased bone ... #Causes #differential ... calcium #high #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hypocalciuria Hypercalcemia ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hypocalciuric hypercalcemia ... D) Increased bone ... Paget's disease of bone ... Multiple myeloma (bone
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... absorption ↑ bone ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone ... pathophysiology #endocrinology
Diagram of different types of bone tumors that can occur around the knee on XRay -
different types of bone ... Simple/unicameral bone ... • Aneurysmal bone ... #Differential # ... peds #pediatrics #msk
Multiple Endocrine Neoplasias (MEN syndromes) 

MEN I
• Hyperparathyroidism 
• Hypercalcemia 
• Possible ZE syndrome 
• Various
Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperparathyroidism • Hypercalcemia ... • Marfanoid body ... MultipleEndocrineNeoplasia #Differential ... #Endocrinology
Characteristics of Commonly Used Phosphate Binders 
Aluminum 
 - Potent and effective 
 - Useful for
Lower risk of hypercalcemia ... risk of adynamic bone ... range - Lack of hypercalcemia ... increased risk of low bone ... range - Lack of hypercalcemia
Primary Bone Tumors - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm 

Metastatic - Most common tumour in adults
 - Breast
Primary Bone Tumors ... • Aneurysmal Bone ... Histiocytoma #Primary #Bone ... #Bony #Tumors # ... Tumours #MSK #Differential
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... resorption in the bone ... resorption in the bone ... @kdjhaveri #Hypercalcemia ... Pathophysiology #Differential