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diagnosis nephrology potassium hypokalemia management low treatment endocrinology classification metabolic alkalosis hypercalcemia hyponatremia table hypomagnesemia pharmacology workup cardiology magnesium medications
Causes of Hypokalemia Transcellular Shifts: - Alkalosis, Increased plasma insulin (treatment of diabetic ketoacidosis), ß-Adrenergic agonists, Hypokalemic
Causes of Hypokalemia ... diuretics, and ... Postobstructive diuresis ... , Osmotic diuresis ... #Causes #differential
Hypomagnesemia - Etiologies by Mechanism Decreased GI Uptake - Poor dietary intake (particularly common in alcoholics)
Medications - Loop ... and thiazide diuretics ... - Osmotic diuresis ... Post-obstructive diuresis ... Classification #Causes
Diuretics - Pharmacology Thiazides diuretics: • Inhibit Na+ Cl- cotransporter in distal tubule • Chlorothiazide, Chlorthalidone, Indapamide,
Diuretics - Pharmacology ... Thiazides diuretics ... diuretics: • ... Pharmacology #nephrology #conversion ... #classes
Causes of Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Defining the cause of hypokalemia starts by measuring urinary K
Causes of Hypokalemia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Clinicians should also look ... Post-hypercapnia • Diuretics
Hypokalemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Extra-renal Losses: • Normal Acid-Base: Low intake • Metabolic acidosis: Gl tract
Hypokalemia - Differential ... Syndrome • HTN, High ... • HTN Absent: Loop ... and thiazide diuretics ... #causes #potassium
Causes of Hypomagnesemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm GI LOSS - FeMg < 2-2.5% or 24h Urine Mg
- Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Urine Mg > 10g • Loop ... Diuretics • Hypercalcemia-PTH ... syndrome • Thiazide Diuretics
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Inadequate water intake: • Lack of access to water Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Causes of Hypernatremia ... - Differential ... concentrating defect: • Diuretics ... • Osmotic diuresis ... nephrology #sodium #high
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Renal losses, Diuretic ... Ketonuria, Osmotic diuresis
Drugs associated with hypokalemia and hypomagnesemia Hypokalemia - Shift from extracellular fluid to intracellular fluid compartment -
- Insulin (high ... foscarnet - Diuretics ... Furosemide and other loop ... diuretics ... antiretroviral therapy - Diuretics
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Transcellular Shift • Recovery From DKA • Refeeding Syndrome • Acute Respiratory
Diagnosis Algorithm ... Alkalosis • Hypokalemia ... Syndrome • Osmotic Diuresis ... Acetazolamide and Thiazide Diuretics ... endocrinology #causes
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