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diagnosis differential algorithm causes workup hypophosphatemia management pathophysiology diuresis diuretics effects excretion framework gitelman hepatology hepatorenal hrs hypernatremia hypokalemia hypotonic
Physiologic Approach to Hypotonic Hyponatremia The next time you have a case of hypotonic hyponatremia, give the
Sodium loss (diuretics ... can be high or low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... differential #diagnosis #table ... #sodium #nephrology
Volume Based Approach to Hyponatremia Hypovolemic, Serum uric acid >4 • Urine Na <20: Extra-renal losses •
Based Approach to Hyponatremia ... Hypothyroidism, Low ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic syndrome ... algorithm #diagnosis #sodium ... #low #nephrology
Causes of Hyponatremia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Hypovolemia, UNa > 20: • Renal losses, Diuretic excess,
Causes of Hyponatremia ... and metabolic alkalosis ... UNa > 20: • Acute ... Cardiac failure #Hyponatremia ... Algorithm #Causes #nephrology
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm 1) Check Urine Osmolality: > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
mOsm/kg - Implies renal ... • Euvolemic (Low ... , Cushing syndrome ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology ... #sodium
NSAIDS and their effects on the Kidney - Pathophysiology Arachidonic Acid metabolites into alternative pathways that modify
distal nephron: Hyponatremia ... blood flow: Pre ... renal AKI Idiosyncratic ... immune reaction • Acute ... KidneyDisease #nephrology
Common causes of Acute Kidney Injury AKI - Differential Diagnosis HEMODYNAMIC • Cardiac failure: Impaired forward flow,
Kidney Injury AKI ... Impaired forward flow ... inhibitors, hepatorenal syndrome ... thromboembolism, renal ... Differential #Diagnosis #nephrology
Workup for Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework Rule out spurious hypophosphatemia: paraproteinemia, acute leukemia Measure Urine Fractional Excretion
paraproteinemia, acute ... resp. alkalosis ... FEPO4 ≥ 5% - Renal ... • Normal or Low ... Workup #phosphate #nephrology
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm Appropriately Low Kidney Phosphate Excretion: • Decreased GI Absorption: Chronic Diarrhea, Antacids,
Appropriately Low ... , Acute Respiratory ... Alkalosis, Tumor ... Hyperparathyroidism, TKI ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #nephrology
Hyponatremia - Differential Algorithm Isotonic Hyponatremia: Hyperlipidemia, Hyperproteinemia, Recent TURP Hypotonic Hyponatremia: • Hypovolemia: Diuretics/Nephropathies, Vomiting, Diarrhea,
Hyponatremia - Differential ... Cirrhosis, Nephrotic Syndrome ... , Chronic Renal ... diagnosis #causes #nephrology ... #sodium #low
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide) • Glaucoma • Epilepsy • Altitude
• Metabolic alkalosis ... Torsemide) • Acute ... • Hyponatremia ... Excretion #Diuresis #Nephrology ... #Medications #Table
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