393 results
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Hypercalcemia - ... Tract: ↑ Ca2+ absorption ... , ↑ PO4- absorption ... Tract: ↓ Ca2+ absorption ... +, ↓ PO4- #Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... ↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone reabsorption
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... Stimulate calcium reabsorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... Immobilization Hypercalcemia ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia ... Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Thiazides/Lithium #Hypercalcemia
Fluid and Water Secretion and Absorption in the GI Tract

#Fluid #water #Secretion #Absorption #reabsorption #GITract #diagnosis
Secretion and Absorption ... water #Secretion #Absorption ... #reabsorption #
Characteristics of Commonly Used Phosphate Binders 
Aluminum 
 - Potent and effective 
 - Useful for
Inexpensive - Treats hypocalcemia ... - No systemic absorption ... Lower risk of hypercalcemia ... - Significant absorption ... significant systemic absorption
Causes of Hypocalcemia - Differential Diagnosis
Decreased calcium absorption
 • Vitamin D deficiency
    -
Causes of Hypocalcemia ... Decreased calcium absorption ... Decreased intestinal absorption ... resistance to bone resorption ... resistance to bone resorption
Oral Hypoglycemics in Diabetes Management
1  INSULIN SENSITIZER
 • TZD 
     -
Diabeta) 3 CARB ABSORPTION ... slows gut starch absorption ... tubule glucose reabsorption
GI Tract Secretions and Fluid Absorption
Dietary Input and Digestive Secretions:
 • Food and drink: 2000 mL
Secretions and Fluid Absorption ... 200 mL Water Reabsorption ... Secretions #Fluid #Absorption ... #Reabsorption #