4273 results
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... - Calcium Reabsorption ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #causes #endocrinology
Causes of Proteinuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Persistent Proteinuria >150mg/d protein present on repeat testing including overnight
Causes of Proteinuria ... Differential Diagnosis Algorithm ... MGUS - Poor reabsorption ... Differential #Diagnosis #Algorithm ... #Causes
Metabolic Alkalosis - Urinary Chloride Algorithm
Cl- responsive metabolic alkalosis
 • Kidney loss of Cl-
Urinary Chloride Algorithm ... acidosis-induced decreased reabsorption ... the indicated causes ... Chloride #urine #Algorithm
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... Stimulate calcium reabsorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption ... Differential #Diagnosis #algorithm
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
Kidneys: ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption ... , ↑ PO4- reabsorption ... Kidneys: ↑ Ca2+ reabsorption ... , ↓ PO4- reabsorption ... , PO4- reabsorption
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption ... Hypercalcemia #Causes
Fluid and Water Secretion and Absorption in the GI Tract

#Fluid #water #Secretion #Absorption #reabsorption #GITract #diagnosis
Secretion and Absorption ... water #Secretion #Absorption ... #reabsorption #
Causes of Nausea and Vomiting - Differential Algorithm #Diagnosis #EM #IM #Causes #Nausea #Vomiting #Differential #NonGI
Causes of Nausea ... - Differential Algorithm ... Diagnosis #EM #IM #Causes ... #Nausea #Vomiting ... Differential #NonGI #Algorithm
Major Segments of the Nephron and their Functions 
 - Glomerulus - Formation of glomerular filtrate
tubule (PCT) - Reabsorption ... Isosmotic reabsorption ... Secretion and reabsorption ... organic acids and bases ... loop - Passive reabsorption