3559 results
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
intestinal calcium absorption ... and stimulates resorption ... kidney, Stimulates resorption ... Pathophysiology #Differential ... #Diagnosis #algorithm
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Miscellaneous - Bone Resorption ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Hypercalcemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone Resorption ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hypercalcemia - Hormones and Pathophysiology  
Calcitriol:
 • Bones: Enhances mineralization
 • GI Tract: ↑ Ca2+
, ↑ PO4- absorption ... , ↑ PO4- reabsorption ... Bones: ↑ Bone resorption ... Bones: ↓ Bone resorption ... , PO4- reabsorption
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
↑ intestinal absorption ... ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↑ tubular reabsorption ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone reabsorption ... ↓↓ tubular reabsorption
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
increased bone Ca2+ resorption ... increased GI Ca2+ absorption ... Hypercalcemia #Causes #differential
Algorithmic Approach and Differential Diagnosis - Hypercalcemia
#Diagnosis #Hypercalcemia #Differential #Algorithm #Workup
Algorithmic Approach ... and Differential ... Hypercalcemia #Differential ... #Algorithm #Workup
Hypophosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
 • Decreased intake/absorption: Starvation, Alcoholism, Malabsorption, Phosphate binder use
 • Redistribution/
Hypophosphatemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Decreased intake/absorption ... Hypophosphatemia #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Hyperphosphatemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Transcellular Shift:
 • Rhabdomyolysis
 • Tumor Lysis
 • Metabolic or Respiratory Acidosis
Hyperphosphatemia - Differential ... Diagnosis Algorithm ... Increased Intake / Absorption ... HighPhosphate #Differential ... #Diagnosis #Algorithm
Algorithmic Approach to the Patient with Azotemia

#Azotemia #AKI #Nephrology #Diagnosis #Differential #Algorithm #Management
Algorithmic Approach ... Nephrology #Diagnosis #Differential ... #Algorithm #Management