23 results
Pathophysiology of Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA) and Hyperglycemic Hyperosmolar Syndrome (HHS)
Absolute Insulin deficit:
 - Type I DM:
Insulin deficit: - Type ... produced - Type ... pts under large stresses ... to insulin TX, stresses ... pathophysiology #comparison
Causes of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
Inadequate water intake:
 • Lack of access to water
Extrarenal hypotonic fluid
Hypernatremia - Differential ... Osmotic diuresis • Central ... diabetes insipidus ... • Nephrogenic diabetes ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Urine Output > 3L /day
Water Diuresis (Urine Osm <100 mOsm/kg)
 • Primary
Polyuria - Differential ... Polydipsia • Central ... Diabetes Insipidus ... • Nephrogenic Diabetes ... Algorithm #causes #nephrology
Effects on body weight of various classes of type-2 diabetes medications.
 - Metformin - Weight Loss
various classes of type ... -2 diabetes medications ... 4 inhibitors - Neutral ... Weight Gain ++++ #diabetes ... weightloss #weightgain #comparison
Classification of Diabetes Insipidus

Central or neurogenic diabetes insipidus:
 - Congenital - Structural malformations affecting the hypothalamus
Classification of Diabetes ... Insipidus Central ... Classification #Types ... #Nephrology #Diagnosis ... #Differential
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Polyuria - Urine Output > 3L/day, Increased Urine Volume (>2ml/min)
Osmotic
of Polyuria - Differential ... (Uncontrolled Diabetes ... response • Central ... #Polyuria #Nephrology ... #Differential #
Characteristics of Common Lipid Disorders
Polygenic hypercholesterolemia
Atherogenic dyslipidemia
 • Frequently accompanied by central obesity or diabetes
Familial hypercholesterolemia,
accompanied by central ... obesity or diabetes ... Dysbetalipoproteinemia (type ... disorders #diseases #comparison ... defects #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Polyuria - Differential Diagnosis
Excess Intake of Water:
 • Primary polydipsia (a.k.a. "psychogenic polydipsia")
 •
of Polyuria - Differential ... Poorly controlled diabetes ... Diabetes Insipidus ... ): • Central Dl ... Diagnosis #Causes #nephrology
Hyperkalemia: Diagnostic algorithm
Decreased renal potassium excretion
 • Acute renal failure
 • Chronic renal failure
 • Drugs
Increased
• Drugs • Diabetic ... Drugs • PHA type ... l/type 2 • Type ... Diagnosis #algorithm #nephrology ... #potassium #differential
Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis Workup Algorithm

1) Check Urine Osmolality:
 > 600 mOsm/kg - Implies extrarenal mechanism
Hypernatremia - Differential ... • Euvolemic: Diabetes ... insipidus (central ... Hypernatremia #Differential ... Workup #Algorithm #nephrology