391 results
UROLITHIASIS 

80% of stones are composed of calcium oxalate or phosphate. Others include uric acid (9%),
& cystine (1%) stones ... Struvite stones, ... stone formation ... Uric acid stone ... These mutations cause
Causes of Nephrolithiasis - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Radio-opaque - Calcium-containing - 90% of stones
Radiolucent - Non-calcium 10%
Causes of Nephrolithiasis ... Non-calcium 10% of stones ... Uric Acid Stones ... - Struvite Stones ... - 10% of stones
Causes of Urinary Tract Obstruction - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Upper Tract - Bladder NOT distended on ultrasound,
Causes of Urinary ... carcinoma - Stone ... x-ray] • Struvite ... • Bladder stone ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Causes
Lower Urinary Tract Infections: Complications
 - Infection damages the urinary tract epithelium causing fibroblast proliferation and
urea which may cause ... supersaturation of urine -> Struvite ... stones (Ca2+, Mg2
Types of Renal Calculi

Calcium oxalate
 - Interstitial apatite plaque, Low urine volume, Increased urinary calcium excretion,
incidence 1/10,000) Struvite ... #Types #Renal #stones ... differential #diagnosis #causes
Medications for Recurrent Calcium Oxalate (CaOx) Stones
HYPERCALCIURIA
 • Thiazides: HCT, Indapamide, Chlorthalidone
 • Consider after first
Oxalate (CaOx) Stones ... Consider after first stone ... kidney - Large stone ... risk in CaPO4 stones ... Oxalate #CaOx #Stones
Kidney stone type, corresponding urine sediment, urinary risk factors, and associated clinical settings.
#Diagnosis #Nephrology #Urine #Microscopy
Kidney stone type ... Urinary #Kidney #Stones
Imaging Modalities for Renal Calculus

AXR. KUB
 - Good far calcium-containing stones useful when limited radiation dose
calcium-containing stones ... X-rays useful tor stone ... ureteric and renal stones ... Combines calcific stone ... Renal #Kidney #stones
Urine Microscopy - Kidney Stones and Crystals 

Uric Acid, Cystine, Hippurate, Cloth Fiber, Tyrosine, CaOx, CaP,
Microscopy - Kidney Stones ... , CaOx, CaCO3, Struvite ... Diagnosis #Clinical #Stones
Management of Pediatric Kidney Stones
Acute Managment:
 • Pain relief: NSAIDs, opioids
 • Facilitating passage of stone:
Pediatric Kidney Stones ... • Try retrieve stone ... ELECTIVE: - Stone ... Stent: < 2 cm stone ... URS: Ureteric stone