13 results
Causes of Chronic Kidney Disease - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Decreased kidney function (eGFR < 60 ml/min/1.73 m2)
Causes of Chronic ... Kidney Disease - Differential ... ) • Multiple myeloma ... Hyperoxaluria • Hypercalcemia ... Hyperphosphatemia #CKD
Etiologies of Hypernatremia - Differential Diagnosis
GI losses / Insensible losses
Sodium Overload
Transcellular Movement of Water
Central Diabetes Insipidus
Hypernatremia - Differential ... hypercalcemia ... - Chronic hypokalemia ... - Various renal ... Diagnosis #Table #Causes
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... : • CKD • Poorly ... transfusion • HTN and edema ... #differential # ... diagnosis #causes
Hyperkalemia - Differential Diagnosis Framework

PseudoHyperkalemia:
 • Lab error
 • Traumatic venipuncture
 • Hemolysis, thrombocytosis, leukocytosis
 •
Hyperkalemia - Differential ... : • CKD • Poorly ... transfusion • HTN and edema ... #differential # ... diagnosis #causes
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... breast, lung, renal ... lung cancer • Renal ... Pheochromocytoma Chronic ... #diagnosis #differential
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid hormone–dependent
Primary hyperparathyroidism
Familial hypocalciuric hypercalcemia
Lithium-associated
Tertiary hyperparathyroidism
Genetic disorders (e.g., multiple endocrine neoplasia type 1 or
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... hormone–independent Renal ... failure, acute or chronic ... metastases and multiple myeloma ... #Causes #Differential
Causes of Fatigue - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Endocrine
 • Hypo/Hyperthyroidism
 • Diabetes
 • Pituitary Insufficiency
 • Adrenal
Causes of Fatigue ... - Differential ... Metabolic • Renal ... Liver Failure • Hypercalcemia ... Myasthenia Gravis Pharmacologic
Lactated Ringers (LR) vs Normal Saline (NS) - Comparison

Composition of LR:
 • Sodium 130 mEq/L
 •
Is Dangerous in Hyperkalemia ... shift • Saline Causes ... edema and capsular ... • Saline May Cause ... NS #comparison #pharmacology
Diuretics and Agents Regulating Renal Excretion

Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibitors (Acetazolamide, Dichlorphenamide)
 • Glaucoma
 • Epilepsy
 • Altitude
Agents Regulating Renal ... Hyponatremia • Hypercalcemia ... Kidney stones caused ... Inhibitors of Renal ... Diuresis #Nephrology #Pharmacology
Hyperkalemia - Diagnosis and Management - GrepMed Handbook

S/Sx: Most pts asymptomatic. Weakness, cramping, nausea, paresthesias, palpitations,
Excretion: - Renal ... VBG (acidosis), CK ... 15 suggests ↓ renal ... only if no clear cause ... caution in HTN & edema