23 results
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Elevated PTH (High or normal):
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Familial Hypocalciuric Hypercalcemia
Low
Hypercalcemia - ... Miscellaneous - Bone ... Hyperthyroid, Bony ... Mets - Calcium ... Algorithm #causes #endocrinology
Parathyroid Hormone (PTH) Effect in Calcium and Phosphorus
Calcium - Net Effect Hypercalcemia:
   ↑ intestinal
- Net Effect Hypercalcemia ... absorption ↑ bone ... Hypophosphatemia: ↑ bone ... #Phosphorus #pathophysiology ... #endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Hypercalcemia due to increased bone Ca2+ resorption:
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism, Malignancy, Pseudohyperparathyroidism, Renal failure,
Hypercalcemia ... due to increased bone ... histoplasmosis) • Milk (calcium ... differential #diagnosis #calcium ... #high #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia - Differential Diagnosis Algorithm
Primary Hyperparathyroidism
 • Adenoma
 • Hyperplasia
 • MEN 1 and 2A
Tertiary Hyperparathyroidism
Autosomal Dominant Calcium ... Cytokine-Mediated Bone ... Lymphomas) Metastatic Bone ... Other • Excess Calcium ... Diagnosis #Algorithm #Endocrinology
Causes of Hypercalcemia
Parathyroid gland structure-related
 • Primary hyperparathyroidism
 • Parathyroid adenoma
 • Parathyroid hyperplasia
 • Parathyroid
Causes of Hypercalcemia ... Lithium use • Calcium-sensing ... • Sarcoidosis (elevated ... D) Increased bone ... #Causes #endocrinology
Hypercalcemia of Malignancy - Pathophysiology
PTH-mediated
 • Parathyroid cancer
 • Ectopic production: Small cell lung cancer, ovarian
Hypercalcemia of ... Malignancy - Pathophysiology ... and intestinal calcium ... resorption in the bone ... resorption in the bone
Hypercalcemia Evaluation
1) Clinical clues
 - Is the patient symptomatic?
 - Family history?
 - Have you done
Hypercalcemia Evaluation ... - Have you done ... BrighamChiefs #Hypercalcemia ... differential #diagnosis #endocrinology ... #calcium #elevated
Hyperparathyroidism - Primary vs Secondary vs Tertiary 
Lab Comparison:
 • Primary Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium, ↑Vitamin D,
Hyperparathyroidism: ↑→PTH, ↑Calcium ... signs, Fragile bones ... easily/weakness, Bone ... Hyperparathyroidism #diagnosis #endocrinology ... Secondary #Tertiary #pathophysiology
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis and Management
PTH Independent (↑ PTH)
 • LOW VIT D
    -
Hypocalcemia - Diagnosis ... - Accelerated Bone ... Formation: Hungy Bone ... Syndrome - Calcium ... Diagnosis #Management #endocrinology
Chvostek's Sign - Physical Exam - Hypocalcemia

Chvostek's sign is described as the twitching of facial muscles
Physical Exam - Hypocalcemia ... absent in about one ... patients with hypocalcemia ... persons with normal calcium ... Video #Clinical #endocrinology